高考英语语法考情分析及真题感悟：构词法

考情分析

构词法主要包括派生、合成、转化和截短缩略四大类。在近年高考中，直接体现在语法填空中的应用主要有：给出形容词提示词，填写副词或名词；给出动词，填写名词或形容词；给出名词，填写形容词。然而，构词法不仅仅体现在语法填空中，而是广泛分布在阅读、完形等各种题型中，是快速拓展词汇量，深入理解语篇的法宝。

01

语 篇

真题感悟

1. (2020·全国卷II卷C篇）

When you were trying to figure out what to buy for theenvironmentaliston your holiday list, fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But someecologistsand fashion(时装）enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria (海狸鼠）. Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn haveshowcasednutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk aboutguilt-freefur unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vastwetlandsevery year, "says Cree MeCree, projectdirectorof Righteous Fur.

解析：该语段所体现的构词法应用如下：

派生：

environmentalist (environmental+-ist) n. 环保主义者－ist 从事······的专家

ecologist (ecology+-ist) n. 生态学家

director (direct+-or) n. 主管，导演

合成：

showcase (show+case) n. 展示

guilt-free (guilt+free) adj. 没有负罪感的

wetland (wet+land) n. 湿地，沼泽

2. (2019·全国卷I,阅读D篇）

Popularityis awell-exploredsubject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor ofclinicalpsychology sorts the popular into two categories: thelikableand the statusseekers. The likable’splays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyard friendships,jump-startinterpersonalskills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears inadolescence: status born of power and evendishonorablebehavior.

解析：该语段所体现的构词法应用如下：

派生：

popularity (popular +-ity) n. 普及，流行，受欢迎度

clinical (clinic 诊所，门诊＋－al) adj. 临床诊断的

likable (like+-able) adj. 可爱的，讨人喜欢的

seeker (seek+-er) n. 追求者

strengthen (strength+-en) v. 强化，巩固

interpersonal (inter-+person +-al) adj. 人际的

adolescence (adolescent+-ence) n. 青春期

dishonorable (dis-不＋honor+-able可···的）adj. 不名誉的，不光彩的，可耻的

合成：

well-explored (well+explored) 充分研究的

plays-well-with-others 与他人相处得好

jump-start 全力以赴启动；激发

真题再练

根据语境猜测划线词的词性和词义

1.In most cities the sky looks as though it has beenemptiedof stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾）thatmirrorsOur fear of the dark.

2. Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol oftogetherness.

3. Surround yourself with people whouplift, encourage and understand you! Group exercise is challenging, yet fun andempowering!

4. So one day, just to see what she would do, I gentlyplacedone on top of the groundhog’s head, Again, not amove.

5. Then make sure the people you surround yourself with are supportive. Don’t letnegativityruin your motivation.

6. Several years ago I received a letter from seventeen-year-old Kerry, who described herself as aworld-classfault-finder, almost always bothered by things.

7. When it comes to insect pests, red fire ants would probablytopeveryone's list.

8. First, you should take an active part in the discussions and freelyvoiceyour opinion.

9. Yes, I was blessed; it wasn’t a material one, but the kind that willwarmmy heart forever.

10. Suddenly she felt tearsfloodedher eyes.

答案

一、单句语法填空

1.daily 考查词性转换。在名词routines前作定语，用形容词，daily routines表示“日常生活”。

2. financial考查词性转换。空格中所填单词在句中作定语，修饰名词aid，故需用finance的形容词形式。

3.extremely考查副词。修饰形容词challenging应用副词, 故填extremely。

4.celebration考查词性转换。空格前的不定冠词a提示我们此处应用名词形式。

5.beautiful考查词性转换。与long并列修饰名词branches，应用形容词。

6.Certainly考查副词。位于句首，修饰整个句子，应用副词作状语。

7.curiosity作介词with的宾语，用名词，故填curiosity。

8.poorly考查副词。修饰动词studied作状语, 应用副词, 意为 “研究很少”, 故填poorly。

9.belief考查词性转换。由前面的不定冠词提示我们，空格处应填名词，故填belief。

10.finally考查副词。修饰动词have been acknowledged, 应用副词, 故填finally。

11.wonderful考查词性转换。在系动词is后作表语应用形容词, 故填wonderful。

网址未加载petition考查词性转换。由空格前的不定冠词an及形容词interesting可知，空格处应该填名词，故填competition。

13.traditional；hugely考查词性转换。修饰名词stories应用形容词，故填traditional；修饰形容词popular应用副词，故填hugely。

14.energetic考查词性转换。作表语要用形容词，表示“精力旺盛的，充满活力的”。

15.actually考查副词。修饰动词is作状语，用副词。

16.pollution考查词性转换。作动词decreased的宾语, 用名词, 故填pollution。

17.global考查词性转换。在名词短语fertilizer consumption前作定语要用形容词, 意为“全球的化肥消耗量”。

18.careful考查词义转换。作表语要用形容词, 句意为: “小心”别走极端。

19.introduction考查词义转换。作介词的宾语要用名词或者在冠词the后要用名词, 表示 “采用, 引入”, 故填 introduction。

20.successful考查词义转换。因the most successful为形容词的最高级。

二、根据语境猜测划线词的词性和词义

1. v. 使成为空的，把··.···弄空; v. 反射，反映

2. n. 团结和睦

3. v. 使上升，振作; adj. 使有能力的，给予力量的

4. v. 放置 ；n. 移动

5. n. 消极性

6. adj. 世界级的，国际水平的; n. 挑剔的人

7. vt. 居······之首，为······之冠

8. vt. 用语言表达，说出

9. vt. 使温暖

10. vt. 大量涌出