陕北剪纸溯源:
剪纸的起源有很大一部分就是来自祈福驱祸的民间巫术。在过去,人会时常感到命运的拨弄,即使对农时与节气有所掌握也并不能带来风调雨顺,勤劳和善良也不能保障全家人的健康,天灾人祸都成为高悬在人心里的巨大阴影,因为毕竟农民是靠天吃饭的。
陕北一些经济相对发达的地区,剪纸已经发展成为一种产业,人们更注重剪纸的形式和商业价值,对其中承载的文化含义却往往忽视了。陕北民间剪纸因为地处偏僻、经济闭塞、交通不便,在相对封闭的环境中,很多与黄土高原人生产生活密切相关的古老剪纸,其形式和含义都被相当完整地保留了下来。
陕北民间剪纸是一种很普遍的群众艺术:
年过半百的老大娘和纯朴俊秀的姑娘,常常借助一把小小的剪刀或刻刀,弯曲自然、运转灵活地在纸上镂空剪刻成花样,装点着自己的生活。新春之际,当你走进陕北的村落院户,看到远处黄色的土丘,眼前灰色的窑洞,似乎觉得这里的颜色太单调了些。但是,你再看看窗户上,那色彩纷呈的窗花和各色图案,那迎风飘动的门笺,那碗橱、粮囤、畜栏等处寓意吉祥的各色纸花,你定会由衷发出赞叹,仿佛感受到了浓郁的生活气息。
剪纸就是这样一种扎根民众之间,与人民生活紧密关联,为千家万户增色添喜的一种民间艺术形式。在旧时的农村里,人们常常把剪纸技艺高低作为品评媳妇灵巧或笨拙的标志,农村妇女自然成了剪纸工艺的民俗传承人。
剪纸是民俗活动的重要一项,而丰富的民俗事象,则为剪纸提供了自由驰骋的创作的广阔天地。民间剪纸与各地风俗习惯密切结合,蕴含着民族精神和民族心理的基本素质,是民族传统文化的有机组成部分。举凡岁时节令、居住、服饰、诞生成年、婚葬、寿筵,都在剪纸中得到了反映。
以岁时节令为例。正月初一家家挂春幡、贴窗花,一派喜庆气氛。正月十五闹花灯,灯上要贴剪纸,更加绚丽引人。三月清明,祭品上要摆放剪纸,表达怀祖之情。五月端午,剪贴“五毒”,以之避疫。七月七日乞巧节,姑娘相聚一起,剪花样、赛智慧。九月九重阳节,剪刻重阳旗,寓示步步登高。十月一日寒农节,陕北地区用五色纸剪成寒衣,或做成衣、帽、鞋、被种种式样,在门前或坟地焚烧,寄托生者对亡人的哀思。再从红白喜事来看。结婚时,大门两边要贴上大红双喜字,晋南一带还要在陪送的嫁妆上用《鱼儿扑莲》、《麒麟送子》、《鸳鸯戏水》等大型剪纸覆盖,作为装点。枕头、手帕上的绣花,也是以剪纸为底样绣成的。送殡仪仗中的纸幡、摇钱树、金山银山,轿车大马,都是用纸剪刻糊制的。这些极普通的剪纸作品,虽不象珍珠翡翠那样华贵辉煌,却牵连着每个人的心灵,伴随着千家万户的生活,具有牵心动魄的艺术魅力。
民间剪纸的题材:
大都是人物、动物、草木花卉,可贵的是它能借生活中常见的事物,通过谐音、象征等手法,构成寓意性的艺术画面。如《龙凤呈祥》、《凤凰戏牡丹》象征婚姻的美满与神圣。《刘海戏金蟾》象征爱情的真挚。《柿子和如意》表示四时如意、平安幸福。《喜鹊登枝》寓意喜上眉梢,喜事盈门。肥猪身上的装饰花纹,用一群小猪组成,以比喻“多子”。新媳妇怀里抱娃娃,表示“得子”等等。在剪纸艺术天地里,民间的能工巧手尽可以凭借她们的想象描绘出理想的一切,以形传神,表达出巧意、新意、美意。
陕北民间剪纸的体裁格式:
根据各地民俗与实用需要因物、因事制宜。最常见的是窗花,它的大小根据窗格的形状来定。如陕北一带窗户格式有菱形、圆形、多角等样式,窗花也随窗而异,小的寸许,精致灵巧,稚趣横生;大者有四角、六角、八角呼应的“团花”,素雅大方。忻州一带,欢庆春节,或操办婚事都要贴“全窗花”,即剪出柿子、如意、牡丹、佛手、莲花、桂花、笙等,祝愿新媳妇善于女红,早生贵子,美满幸福。
陕北民间剪纸的风格:
具有北方地区粗扩、雄壮、简练、纯朴的特点。但是,因地域环境、生活习俗、审美观念的木同,各地剪纸又有差异。如延安、榆林、定边、靖边、绥德的剪纸,多为单色剪纸,风格质朴、粗犷。
民间巧匠非常讲究刀工刻法和着色技艺:
他们以简单的工具,采取阴刻为主,阳刻为辅的办法,在短短几分钟内就能龙飞凤舞地刻制出许多成品。着色时用上好白酒调色,调配较深的颜色可加少量白矾,这样既能使涂上的颜色鲜艳水灵,又能保证剪纸存放较长时间。广灵剪纸以其精湛的技艺赢得了声誉,现已销行到法国、美国、日本、波兰等国,成为海外友人珍爱的艺术品。
人们把生活比作一棵常青树。那么,我们说这剪刀下的艺术便是常青树上的花和果。民间剪纸扎根于民间,流传于民间,土生土长,土香土色,永远散发着艺术的芬芳。
“北犷南秀”南北剪纸的区别:
北方广大农村劳动妇女讲究观念,想到哪剪到哪;而南方剪纸玲珑剔透、严整优雅,以写实风格著称。于是形成了北方剪纸粗犷随意、南方水乡剪纸精致明快的“北犷南秀”的鲜明特色,反映了北方大陆与南方水乡劳动群众的性格气质。
附:陕北民间剪纸欣赏
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陕北全窗花
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