分栏二：湖南侗族通道恋爱习俗（二）

6

玩山

Playing on Hillsides

“玩山”是侗家姑娘和后生们相会交往的一种方式。在通道播阳、牙屯堡等地，由于行歌坐夜不让进屋，因此白天上山玩山行歌。在节日、劳动之余或赶场路上，侗家青年男女都会利用这种形式进行谈情说爱，对歌和赛歌。经过多次玩山行歌，双方建立感情，互换“把凭”，最终喜结良缘。

“Playing on hillsides” is a usual way for Dong lads and lassies to acquaint each other. At towns like Boyang and Yatunbao in Tongdaocounty, young men and women are not permitted to sing songs overnight at home. Alternatively, they climb to the hillsides and sing songs there in the daytime. During festivals, slack farm seasons, or village fairs, Dong youth hold singing antiphonals and competitions on hillsides to make courtship. After frequent gathering on hillsides, men and women get to know each other. They exchange keepsakes in token of affection and some get married at last.

参加玩山的男女双方中，一般是外村人。每次相会，男女双方人数可以不等，但年龄必须相仿。除了农忙季节和寒冷的冬天外，其它时节，一场或十天左右相会一次，风雨无阻。玩山的地点叫“花园”，一般在离家数里以外或较远的山上。聚会时，不许说流活，不然，会遭到大家的唾弃。玩山时，女方自称为“小妹”、“我妹”，称男方为“哥”、“情哥”、“情郎”等。男方自称为“小弟”、“我弟”，称女方为“情妹”、“情姐”等。

The youth participating in singing activities on hillsides are usually people from neighboring villages. At each gathering, male and female participants may differ in number but their age must be similar. Such gathering is often held every ten days regardless of weather except in busy seasons or cold winters. The hillside where they play is also named “park”, usually several li away from the players’ own home. No one is allowed to say dissolute words during the get-together. When men and women are together, women often refer tothemselves as “little sister” or “sister” and call the male side “brother”, “sweet brother” or “sweet man” while men call themselves “little brother” or “brother” and greet the female with “sister” , “sweet sister”, or “sweet girl”.

玩山时，姑娘们穿着漂亮的侗布便衣，一串银链吊在胸前的右侧的银泡钮扣上，腰系宽厚的蓝色腰带，头上缠着艳丽的红头绳，脚穿崭新的细耳草鞋，远看有如朵朵盛开的山花。后生们穿着洁白的上衣，蓝裤子，青布鞋，恰似束束绽放的玉兰。

When playing on hillsides, lassies wear beautiful civilian dress made of Dong cloth. With a silver chain hanging on the silver bubble buttons in front of the right chest, they wrap their waist with a broad blue belt. Decorated with a bright red hair knot on the head, they wear brand-new straw sandals. Seen from afar, they look like flowers in full blossom. In white shirts, blue trousers and green cotton shoes, lads appear like bundles of blooming magnolia.

唱歌的内容主要是倾吐爱慕之情，有“初会歌”、“难得歌”、“自谦歌”、“赞美歌”、“盘歌”、“把凭歌”、“结伴歌”、“初恋歌”、“深恋歌”、“分别歌”、“嘱咐歌”、“送行歌”、“相思歌”、“失恋歌”、“埋怨歌”、“重逢歌”、“陪伴歌”，等等。演唱形式有独唱、对唱、“白话”连歌等。

The main content of singing is to express love to listeners. The songs can be on various topics, such as “first meeting”,“self-abasement”,“compliment”,“question-and-answer”, “keepsake”,“accompany”,“first love”, “farewell”,“lovesickness”,“complaint”,“disappointment in love”, and “reunion”. The forms of singing include “solo”, “antiphon”, “talking and singing”.

由于玩山是男女青年寻找对象的方式之一，所以，对约会的日期和地点除了同伙外，对别人是保密的。尤其是女方，除了母亲姐妹外，不让父兄知道。她们往往是借打猪草、赶场的机会悄悄赴会。相会之前，只听歌声不见人。双方先是在隔坡唱歌试探，然后，慢慢地往约定的地点靠拢。见面之初，双方似有害羞，特别是姑娘们连头都不抬，羞人答答地躲在树后，或用木叶或斗笠半遮着羞红的脸。见面双方都谦让不肯先坐。这时，他们互唱“请坐歌”。

Since playing on hillsides is an important way for Dong youth to find lovers, participants concerned often keep the date and place of their appointment confidential to others, except to those accompanying them. For the lassies, they only let their mothers or sisters know the date. Their father or brothers are often unknown about it. Under the disguise of cutting weeds for pigs or going to fairs, the lassies secretly attend the gathering on hillsides. Before face-to face meeting, both parties can only hear songs from afar. At the very beginning, men and women sing songs across hillsides to tempt the opposite gender. As the singingcontinues, they move to the agreed place slowly. Upon their first meet, both look shy. Some lassies are so shy that they just lower their heads and hide themselves behind trees with leaves or straw hats covering their blush faces. Behaving humbly, both lassies and lads are reluctant to be the first to take seats. At this moment, they will sing songs to invite each other to be seated.

请客坐，

没有板凳坐木叶，

没有木叶坐细草，

坐好唱歌才闹热。

Please take a seat,

Sit on the leaves if there is no bench,

Sit on the grass if there are no leaves.

Our singing can be more exciting when we are seated.

这是一种比聪明才智的对唱，唱到其中一方坐下为止。双方坐在相隔丈把远的木叶上或草地上，坐式不定，可以是八字形、弧形、一字形、面对面等。初次相会主要是互相夸奖，各自“卖小”（自谦）。如：

This is an antiphonal singing competition testing wisdom. It doesn’t stop until one side agrees to take a seat. Both sides sit on their own leaves or grasslands several meters away from each other. Their posture may be in different forms, such as a moustache, an arc, a line or face to face. In the first round of antiphon, both compete to praise the opposite and abase themselves.

（男）姐姐唱，

唱得阳雀下山来。

唱得桃花开口笑，

唱得鲤鱼把头抬。

（女）莫夸奖，

马鞭哪比竹鞭长。

粗布哪比绫罗好，

星星哪有月亮光。

(Male) Sister,

Your singing allures cuckoos to fly here from hillside,

Your singing makes peach blossoms beam,

Your singing letsthe carps jump out of water.

(Female) Brother,

You are really praising me too much.

No coach whip is as long as the bamboo rhizome.

No coarse cloth is as beautiful as silk.

Stars can’t be as bright as the moon.

随着情感的不断加深，歌的内容也跟着发展，大家有说有笑，有问有答，有唱有和。太阳落山，要离别了，他们互相嘱咐，相约下次会期。

The content of the singing changes as their feelings deepen. They talk and laugh, ask and answer, sing and respond. When the sun sets, they have to part with each other. Before leaving, they agree on the date of next meeting through negotiation.

（男） 去又来，

打把铜锁锁花台。

姐拿钥匙弟拿锁，

钥匙不到锁不开。

（女） 送哥五里过盘阶，

抓把花种撒花台。

明年台上花绽开，

盼哥采花准时来。

(Male) Sister,

We leave and come.

Let me make a brass lock for the flower terrace.

You keep the key and I retain the lock,

No one could open the lock without your key.

(Female) Brother,

Seeing you off across a long distance of winding stairs,

I sow some flower seeds to the terrace.

When the seeds bloom in the terrace next year,

Remember to come back and pick the flowers on time.

7

种公地

Farming on Common Land

“种公地”是青年男女的又一种集体谈情说爱的活动。时间从农历三月初三延续到八月十五。分为三个阶段进行，“三月三”、“四月八”相约上山种地，“五月五”、“六月六”上山中耕除草，“八月十五”结伴上山收割实物，回寨庆祝丰收。持续的时间长，活动的项目多为侗族特有的娱乐交谊活动。活动既包含“为耶”，又有热闹的集体劳动场面，情景交融，妙趣横生。甲乙两寨的男女青年在离寨子几里路的山坡上，集体相约到山上开垦一块块荒地种红薯、玉米、豆类等旱粮作物。起初，客寨去主寨“为耶”活动时，主寨的姑娘对客寨的小伙子们有了一定了解。在他们吹着芦笙[9]回寨时，主寨的女青年送给客寨若干禾草结，捆成一把插在客队的带队人的芦笙上，意思是邀请客寨男青年来本寨“种公地”。男青年回寨后，在凉庭坪举行庄严的集会，郑重地把草结发给本寨的适龄男青年，凡领到草结的就成为“种公地”活动的成员，男女双方的人数对等。

“Farming on common land” is another collective activity for Dong youth to seek lovers. Lasting from lunar March 3rdto August 15th, farming on common land is divided into three phases: sowing seeds on common land on March 3rdand April 8thaccording to prearrangement; cultivating plants and weeding lands on May 5thand June 6th; harvesting crops and celebrating the reap on August 15th. Most of the activities are Dong’s unique social ways of entertainment, including collective dancing, singing and laboring. After reclaiming waste land on hillsides several kilometers away from their village, young men and women from two different villages plant sweet potatoes, corns, beans and other upland crops on the rescued common land. When guests take part in activities held in the host village, those female hosts get some basic information about the male guests. When the guests are playing Lusheng back to their own village, the lassies from the host village present the guests a lot of straw knots as gifts. The knots are usually tied up to the Lusheng of the guest leader in a bundle, which means inviting the young men of the guest village to farm on common land. After the male guests get back to their own village, they will hold a solemn assembly in the flat ground of pavilion to distribute the grass knots to the young man at a suitable age for marriage in the whole village. Those who receive a straw knot may become a member of the further activity of farming on common land. The number of lassies and lads on both sides should be the same.

芦笙[9]芦笙: Lusheng—photo fromhttp://image.网址未加载

一种具有典型少数民族风味的乐器，由多根竹管制成。每根竹管上都配有一节中空的苇秆。竹管被嵌入一个由硬木制成的长吹管中。芦笙通常具有五个或六个能发出不同音调的竹管，因此是一种多声部乐器。其尺寸大小范围不等，有的非常短小，有的长几米。

Lusheng is a typical musical instrument of minority flavor with multiple bamboo pipes, each fitted with a free reed. The pipesare then insertedinto a long blowing tube made of hardwood. It most often has five or six pipes of different pitches, and is thus a polyphonic instrument. It comes in sizes ranging from very small to several meters in length.

农历四月初八这天，来参加“种公地”活动的男青年，带着自家腌制的酸草鱼和内夹着大片肉的糯米饭，由女方准备种子和工具，一起上山种公地，他们边劳动，边嬉戏。与姑娘们共进午餐。晚饭由姑娘们热情款待。这种活动断断续续，直到八月十四这天还要举行收割仪式，客寨的年轻人在芦笙坪上摆着一个大南瓜，南瓜上面插满树枝花朵，吹着芦笙，抬着红猪，牵着大黄牯来到主寨，和主寨姑娘一起跳芦笙舞、吃茶、对歌，吃合拢宴[10]。

On April 8thin lunar calendar, young men will bring salted sour fish and glutinous rice sandwiched with large pieces of meat to join in the farming activity. Carrying seeds and tools prepared by the female side, men and women walk together to farm on common land. They romp joyfully while working. Having lunch together with lassies, the young men are then enthusiastically treated tosupper by the lassies. Such activities do not intermit until August 14thwhen the harvest ceremony is held. On that day, young people from the guest village will place on the flat ground of Lusheng a big pumpkin fully inserted with branches and flowers. They play Lusheng, carry a fatpig and lead a strong ox to the host village. There host lassies will dance Lusheng dances, drinktea, sing antiphonal songs and enjoy a special long-table feast with them.

[10]合拢宴: Long-table Feast —photo fromhttp://www.网址未加载

合拢宴是侗族招待客人的独特宴请方式。侗族是一个民风古朴、热情好客的民族，一直以来就流传着“抢客”的习俗。有抢不到的，就只好到客人多的家里去商量，要求分客人，客人多的家里不同意，则提出建议: 没有客人或客人很少的家里可将自家的食物搬过来一起吃，桌子不够就架板子拼起来，这就是今天合拢宴的缘由。

Long-table feast is a unique way for Dong people to entertain guests. Being a hospitable minority with a simple folk custom, Dong has a long tradition of “robbing guests”. Families failing to invite guests home will plead those owning many guests to give away some. However, the request is often declined by families with many guests who will offer an alternative suggestion: families with few or no guests could bring their own food and attend the feast together with the majority. When the table is not big enough, they will make a makeshift long table by connecting wooden boards together. This later develops into today’s long-table feast.

八月十五上午，后生和姑娘们上山收割果实。下午将收割回来的产品连同后生们抬来的红猪做成饭菜，大家饮酒对歌，直到次日清晨。十六日上午，客寨的后生杀牛摆席款待主寨的长辈和兄弟，表示酬谢。而主寨的姑娘们拿出侗布、花头巾等用竹杆挂起来，写上自己的名字，摆在凉庭里，让人观看，而后作为礼品赠送给后生。后生们吹着芦笙，带着姑娘们相送的竹杆礼品，向乡亲们辞行，主寨的乡亲们鸣炮相送。姑娘们则到寨前拦路对歌，双方依依难舍。后生们每经过一个村寨，那里的姑娘们都要出来拦路对歌，观赏竹杆礼品。

On the morning of August 15th, lads and lassies harvest crops together on common lands. With the reaped produces and the fatpig brought by the guests as ingredients, they make a delicious dinner. Drinking wine and singing antiphonal songs, they celebrate the harvest till next early morningwhen lads from guest villages will kill the ox they bring and set a feast to treat elders and brothers of host village for thanks. Lassies of host village will hang Dong cloth and flowery scarves inscribed with their names with bamboo poles for demonstration in the pavilion. The cloth and scarves are then presented as gifts to those young lads. Carrying the presents, the lads play Lusheng to say goodbye to the host villagers who set off firecrackers for farewell in response. Lassies of host village will then stand at the entrance of the village to block the leaving lads for antiphonal songs. Both seem unwilling to part with each other. In every village when the lads pass, lassies of the village will block them to sing antiphonal songs and appreciate the gifts hanging on the poles.

通过持续的“种公地”活动，彼此增进了了解，加深了感情。双方一旦进入情网，征得父母同意后，就可结成连理。

Through such frequent activities of “farming on common land”, men and women get to know each other and develop mutual fondness. As they fall in deep love, they may get married with the consent of their parents.

8

换把凭

Exchanging Keepsakes

当男女双方在行歌坐夜中，确立了感情，方都愿意建立恋爱关系后就换把凭，表示真心实意，有物为证。邀约弯挡，以歌试探：

Meec sais qids xangl dangv map wanh,

Beix aol xenl yil langc nyangc lanh xangv xaol mal.

意思是：有心结情先将信物来交换，你我不要枉苦情义费精神。

When men and women stay overnight singing songs, common likings may grow between each other. If both sides are willing to establish further courtship, they will exchange keepsakes. The keepsakes embody their true feelings and sincere love. It is usually the case that young men send the invitation to exchange gifts. They will sing Dong songs to know the other party’s response:

Meec sais qids xangl dangv map wanh,

Beix aol xenl yil langc nyangc lanh xangv xaol mal.

The song means: If you are disposed to accept my courtship, let’s exchange keepsakes. Don’t let our emotions and effort elapse in vain.

如果姑娘真心，就会把银项链或银手镯从自已脖子上或手腕上脱下，心甘情愿地送到男的手中，男的也会将身上穿的新侗布衣服脱下送给姑娘。这种场面自然只有他俩人知道，不能让其他人知晓，否则，会被那些别有用心的人从中挑拨，坏了好事。当然，交换信物也并非就是订婚，明媒正娶婚姻还须得到双方老人同意后才确定订婚、嫁娶。

If the young women have the same favor, they will take off their silver necklace or bracelet from their neck or wrist and present them to the young men singing to them. The young men will then send the new Dong-cloth dress they wear to the women as keepsakes in return. Such exchanging activity is usually carried out secretly between both parties in case other people with ulterior motives spoil their relationship. However, exchanging keepsakes doesn’t mean engagement. Formal marriage etiquettes require the consent of both parties’ parents.

9

送饭包[11]

Presenting GlutinousRice Rolls

侗族地区不管是自由恋爱或老人架桥搭线的婚姻，都有“送饭包”的习俗。即男女双方谈得情投意和，准备办酒结婚之前，男方要先派本房族的叔伯母或姨妈等亲近的妇人，带上糯米饭包及鱼肉之类的礼品到女方家里拜访，征求女方家长对于孩子婚期的意见。

In Dong areas, people have the custom of “presenting glutinous rice roll” among those in free love or marriage bridged by their parents. When lovers are in deep affection with each other, the male side will send his paternal or maternal aunts or other femalerelatives to visit the lassies’ family before holding wedding feast. They usually bring gifts like glutinous rice roll, fish or pork for the visiting to inquire the opinions of the girl’s parents on the marriage.

如女方的父母亲同意了，就会热情款待来客，并收下来人送的礼物，同时，以同样的物品回送男方来的人，作为回礼，表示完全同意。之后女方准备嫁妆，男方准备肥猪、鱼肉、酒，按照选定的吉日过门，办喜酒。如果女方父母不同意或有不同意见，就以种种理由来推辞。或说是女儿还未长大成人，不会做家务事；或是说嫁妆来不及准备而婉言谢绝。这时，女方会原封不动地把“饭包”退回，婚期延迟或解除婚约。

If the girl’s parents give the nod, they will warmly treat the guests and accept the gifts from the male side. Meanwhile, the parents will express their satisfaction with the lad and their consent with the marriage by repaying the guests with gifts of equal value. After that, the girl’s side begins to prepare dowry while the lad’s family starts making food arrangements for the coming wedding feast. If the girl’s parents are not satisfied with the male side, they will decline the guests’ gifts on various excuses, such as “Their daughter is still too young for future housework”, “Time is too limited for them to make dowry preparation”. In this case, the girl’s family will keep the gifts like glutinous rice rolls intact and send them back to the male side. This indicates the delay or cancel of marriage.

[11]饭包:Glutinous Rice Roll—photo fromhttp://image.baidu.com

资料来源：侗族习俗对外译介研究课题组

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