维梅尔(Vermeer Van Delft,Jan)(1632~1675)简介:
十七世纪荷兰黄金时代绘画大师维梅尔(Jan Vermeer)和伦勃朗、梵高名列荷兰三大画家的维梅尔,官方文献记载并不多。荷兰画家,台夫特人。为荷兰大师中最稳健、温和的一位画家,他的生平和成就直到十九世纪中期才受到注意。他显然受到法布利契亚斯(Carel Fabritius)的影响,而且在 1653 年成为臺夫特画家公会(Guild)的画师,之前,可能曾是法布利契亚斯的弟子。
1632 年,维梅尔出生於有荷兰陶瓷故乡之称的台夫特,在这个城市终其一生,父亲为旅馆主人,他与中产阶级家庭出身的妻子结婚,育有11名子女,并且与岳母同住。在圣路加会完成学徒修业并成为该会的主要工匠。他同时也是名商人,专门贩售其他台夫特画家的画作。维梅尔的画室位在他岳母房子的一楼,他大部份的作品都是在这里完成的。维梅尔逝於1675年,得年43岁,根据留存不多的档案资料猜测,死因是由於心脏方面的疾病。法荷战争期间生灵涂炭,造成当时社会中坚的中产阶级资产迅速衰竭,艺术交易市场随之崩解,加上岳母方面家产散尽等等因素影响,维梅尔家族过著举债度日的生活。
维梅尔(Vermeer Van Delft,Jan )作画的速度不快,画中仅有一、两个人,或伏案写字,或做家务,或演奏乐器,画册上的画看起来很像是麦斯(Maes)或荷克(Pieter de Hooch)的作品,可是看看原件那卓越的色彩,耀动的光线,如真珠般晶莹的佈满画中,把日常生活诗意化了,迥异於一般荷兰画家像肃穆的散文的作品。他最著名的作品,「台夫特」(View of Delft)与他本性略为不同,类似於海顿(vander Heyden)的城市景观画。
维梅尔(Vermeer Van Delft,Jan )现在能确定是他的作品只有 40 幅,都是小件作品。画作大多描绘家庭生活,呈现出令人着迷的诗意风格。维梅尔的朴素之风不被认可,以致大多数的画都是在死后卖出的,但他善于利用光影的色彩细微变化作画,可谓与现在的光学照相机相比,代表作有《到牛奶的女人》,《戴珍珠耳环的少女》等等,可惜英年早逝,还欠下了一大笔债留给了妻儿,直到很久以后才被人发觉他的画的艺术价值。
维梅尔(Vermeer Van Delft,Jan)作品选:
倒牛奶的少女(The Milkmaid) 1658-60年
油畫 45.4 x 41 cm
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Christ in the House of Martha and Mary 1654-55
Oil on canvas, 160 x 142 cm
National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh
Saint Praxidis 1655
Oil on canvas, 102 x 83 cm
Private Collection
Diana and her Companions 1655-56
Oil on canvas, 98 x 105 cm
Mauritshuis, The Hague
The Procuress 1656
Oil on canvas, 143 x 130 cm
Gemäldegalerie, Dresden
A Woman Asleepc. 1657
Oil on canvas, 87.6 x 76.5 cm
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window 1657
Oil on canvas, 83 x 64 cm
Gemäldegalerie, Dresden
Street in Delftc. 1657-1658
Oil on canvas, 54.3 x 44 cm
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Officer and a Laughing Girl 1658
Oil on canvas, 50 x 46 cm
Frick Collection, New York
Young Girl with a Flute 1658-60
Oil on canvas
National Gallery of Art, Washington
The Glass of Wine 1658-60
Oil on canvas, 65 x 77 cm
Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
The Girl with the Wineglass 1659-60
Oil on canvas, 78 x 67 cm
Herzog Antal Ulrich Museum, Braunschweig
View of Delftc. 1660-61
Oil on canvas, 98.5 x 117.5 cm
Mauritshuis, The Hague
Girl Interrupted at her Music 1660-61
Oil on canvas, 38,7 x 43,9 cm
Frick Collection, New York
A Lady Writing a Letter 1662-64
Oil on canvas, 45 x 40 cm
National Gallery of Art, Washington
The Music Lesson 1662-65
Oil on canvas, 74 x 64 cm
Buckingham Palace, London
Woman with a Lute 1663
Oil on canvas, 52 x 46 cm
Metropolitan Museum, New York
Woman in Blue Reading a Letterc. 1663-1664
Oil on canvas, 46.6 x 39.1 cm
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Woman with a Pearl Necklace 1664
Oil on canvas, 55 x 45 cm
Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
Woman Holding a Balancec. 1664
Oil on canvas, 40.3 x 35.6 cm
National Gallery of Art, Washington
Young Woman with a Water Jugc. 1664-65
Oil on canvas, 45.7 x 40.6 cm
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Girl with a Pearl Earringc. 1665-1666
Oil on canvas, 44.5 x 39 cm
Mauritshuis, The Hague
The Concertc. 1665-66
Oil on canvas, 72.5 x 64.7 cm
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston
Portrait of a Young Woman 1666-67
Oil on canvas, 45 x 40 cm
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
The Art of Paintingc. 1666-1673
Oil on canvas, 130 x 110 cm
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Mistress and Maidc. 1667-68
Oil on canvas, 90.2 x 78.7 cm
Frick Collection, New York
Girl with a Red Hat 1668
Oil on canvas, 23 x 18 cm
National Gallery of Art, Washington
The Astronomer 1668
Oil on canvas, 50 x 45 cm
Musée du Louvre, Paris
The Geographerc. 1668-1669
Oil on canvas, 52 x 45.5 cm
Stadelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt am Main
The Lacemakerc. 1669-1670
Oil on canvas transferred to panel, 23.9 x 20.5 cm
Musée du Louvre, Paris